Download Asymmetries make the difference: A nonlinear model of transistor-based analog ring modulators This work analyzes analog ring modulators based on bipolar transistors, such as the EMS VCS3 and the Doepfer A-114. It is shown that the perfectly symmetric standard model from literature [1][2] does not suffice to describe crucial first-order effects. A detailed analysis of the circuit using mismatched parts is performed. The insights gained from this analysis are used to formulate a digital model which can be easily implemented and which captures the essential audible effects.